Use of lymphocytes as a model to investigate ME/CFS pathology was prominent among immune-based biomarkers. Most of the potential biomarkers reported were blood-based (79.2%). Potential biomarkers ranged from genetic/epigenetic (19.8%), immunological (29.7%), metabolomics/mitochondrial/microbiome (14.85%), endovascular/circulatory (17.82%), neurological (7.92%), ion channel (8.91%) and physical dysfunction biomarkers (8.91%). ResultsĪ total of 101 publications were included in this systematic review. Quality and Bias were assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Case Control Studies. PubMed, Embase and Scopus were systematically searched for articles containing “biomarker” and “ME/CFS” keywords in the abstract or title and if they included the following criteria: (1) were observational studies published between December 1994 and April 2022 (2) involved adult human participants (3) full text is available in English (4) original research (5) diagnosis of ME/CFS patients made according to the Fukuda criteria (1994), Canadian Consensus Criteria (2003), International Consensus Criteria (2011) or Institute of Medicine Criteria (2015) (6) study investigated potential biomarkers of ME/CFS compared to healthy controls. This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and Cochrane review guidelines. The aim of this systematic review is to collate and appraise literature pertaining to a potential biomarker(s) which may effectively differentiate ME/CFS patients from healthy controls. ![]() While there are some studies that report potential biomarkers for ME/CFS, their efficacy has not been validated. There is currently no known diagnostic biomarker instead, diagnosis is dependent on application of symptom-based case criteria following exclusion of any other potential medical conditions. Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a multifaceted condition that affects most body systems.
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